what is immunoprophylaxis, define vaccine type of vaccine

vaccination

vaccination means treatment of disease with vaccine we are called vaccination. vaccination provide artificial immunity for defense harmful disease.it is prepare in laboratory. Edward Jenner is the founder of vaccinology in the West in 1796, after he inoculated a 13 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox), and demonstrated immunity to smallpox. In 1798, the first smallpox vaccine was developed Plague vaccine was also invented in the late 19 Century.an antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease or a synthetic substitute, used to provide immunity against one or several diseases. an important contribution of microbiology to medicine has been immunization  which is one of the most effective method of controlling infectious diseases.

1. vaccine 

1. definition of vaccine 

"Vaccines. A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins." 
                                                according to WHO.

" vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual immune system to develop accuride immunity to a pathogen." 

"a vaccine is a preparation from an infectious agent that is administered to humans and other animal to induce protective immunity against a given disease."

type of vaccination  

1. live vaccine 
2. killed vaccine 
3. toxoid vaccine
4. subunit vaccine
5. DNA vaccines 
6. recombinant  vector vaccines 
7. conjugate vaccine 

    1. live vaccine - the live vaccine are prepared from the live organism or live vaccine are prepared to  disease causing agents, they are stimulate the immune response live vaccine is a part of live disease causing microorganism. live vaccine are prepared in laboratory.in general live vaccine are more potent immunizing agents than killed vaccine. we know live vaccine is consist of virus, bacteria and other disease causing pathogen they are grown in culture medium and it help to protect from infection.some example of live vaccine BCG, measles,oral polio.

• live vaccine prepared from live organism.
• they are responsible to stimulate immune response.
• live vaccine is a part of disease causing agent.
• it prepared in laboratory.
• it more potent immunizing agent than killed vaccine 
• live vaccine example BCG,polio etc. 

advantages 

• single does, small does 
• its give by natural route 
• long lasting immunity 
• induce immunoglobuline
• resemble natural infection 

disadvantage  

• can not be use in immunocompromised
• need proper cold chain  
• inactivated by climatic changes 

  

   2. killed vaccine - killed vaccine is prepared from dead microorganism or a killed vaccine prepared from dead antigenically dead pathogen particle. organism killed by heat or chemicals, when infected into the body stimulate active immunity. killed vaccine usually safe but less effective than live vaccine.they are used to proved immunization against disease causing agent. killed vaccine usually require 2-3 does of vaccine to produce an adequate antibody response and most cases booster does required. killed vaccine usually administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular route. killed vaccine less effective than live vaccine.

• killed vaccine prepared from dead microorganism.
• it help stimulate active immunity.
• it administered in subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue.
• it less effective than live vaccine.
•  require 2-3 does of vaccine to produce an adequate antibody response and most cases booster does required.

advantages  of killed vaccine 

• safe
• stable 
• can be give combined vaccine. 

disadvantages of killed vaccine 

• multiple does and booster needed. 
• give by injection - unnatural route. 
• highly antigen concentration.
• more costly. 

   3. toxoid vaccine - toxoid vaccine usually made by toxic.certain organism produce exotoxines, such as diphtheria and tetanus bacilli. the toxins produced by these organism are detoxicated and used in the preparation of vaccine. toxoid prepare from the highly effective and safe immunizing agents. 

• toxoid made by toxic.
•  toxoid prepare from the highly effective and safe immunizing agents. 

advantage of toxoid vaccine  

• safe to use and can be given to immunodeficiency pregnant individual.
• less likely to induce side effect.
• highly immunogenic. 
• cheaper than live and killed vaccine.
• easy to storage.

disadvantage of toxoid vaccine 

• possible contamination by toxic 
• microorganism can not be multiply so periordic booster.
• only humeral immunity can be induced.      

 4.subunit vaccine - subunit vaccine is composed of small figment of disease causing microorganism.vaccine composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is separation from the virulent organism. subunit vaccine are that can only use the part of disease causing virus an example of subunit vaccine is hepatitis B virus vaccine. 

advantage of subunit vaccine  

• its defined composition. 
• no risk of pathogenicity (infection ).
• immune response focus only on antigen interest. 
• easy of development and protection.  
• cost effectiveness.
• various delivery  system available. 
• low cost 
• safe

disadvantage of subunit vaccine 

• multiple does typically required.  
• Adjuvents needed 

   5. DNA vaccine - vaccine is a biological preparation,vaccine prepared in laboratory. DNA vaccine is technique that can be used for the protection against infectious agent. DNA vaccine generally genetic engineered. DNA vaccine directly protect from antigen.

advantage of DNA vaccine  

• induce of long term immune response.
• heat stable
• easy for large scale protection.

disadvantage of DNA vaccine 

• formation of anti - nucleic acid antibodies  are possible.
• integration of host vaccine.
• possibility to tolerance to the antigen 

   6. recombinant  vector vaccines - the recombinant vaccine are preparation of one or more  live bacteria and virus. 

advantage of recombinabt vector vaccine 

• no risk of pathogenicity 
• its defined composition.

disadvantage of recobinant vaccine 

multiple does typically required.  

Adjuvents needed 

  7. conjugate  vaccine - it is containing of bacterial capsule and polysaccharide  a conjugate vaccine is created by covalently attaching a poor (polysaccharide) antigen to a carrier protein (preferably from the same microorganism), thereby conferring the immunological attributes of the carrier to the attached antigen. 

 

  

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