what is immunization immunization for various disease

Immunization

Vaccination is very important for the health of children. The National Immunization Program helps prevent killer diseases. Vaccination programs should be planned as per the requirement of Community Health Problems. Each country has to set  the vaccination program according to their health issues. The most common and serious vaccine-related illnesses tracked by the World Health Organization are diphtheria, haemophilus , hepatitis B, measles, meningitis, mumps, pertussis, poliomyelitis, rubella, tetanus, tuberculosis, and yellow fever. the World Health Organization listed 25 diseases for which vaccine are available -

1. rubella 
2. cholera 
3. influenza 
4. measles 
5. diphtheria 
6. meningococcal diseases 
7. pertussis 
8. mumps
9. tetanus 
10. hepatitis A 
11. tetanus 
12. hepatitis B 
13. pneumococcal diseases 
14. hepatitis E 
15. typhoid fever 
16. poliomyelitis 
17. tick - borne  encephalitis 
18. rabies 
19. haemophilus influenzae type B 
20. varicella and herpes zoster 
21. dengue fever 
22. human papilloma 
23. yellow fever 
24. malaria 
25. Japanese encephalitis 

Definition of immunization - 

''Vaccination is the process by which a person is resistant or resistant to infectious disease, usually by the administration of the vaccine. The vaccine provides the immune system to protect the person against later infections or diseases. ''



Immunization for various disease - 


1. B.C.G. ( Bacillus of calmette and guerin ) -


BCG is a live vaccine that is prepared from living organisms such as tubercle bacilli . it help to controlled by primary tuberculous infection it should be storage at 2 to 10 ℃. its primary used against tuberculosis.its used in countries leprosy and tuberculosis is common.

Administration route: intradermal
(0.05 ml dose for children below one year)
(0.1 ml dose for recipients for more than one year)

2. Polio vaccine  -

Polio vaccine is a mixture of live poliovirus polio vaccines used to prevent polyomites. Polio virus usually spreads from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth, it can also spread with human fecal food and water, and usually less than infected saliva. The full name of the polio virus is pyomyelitis and it is also called infantile paralysis. When this infection occurs, the patient's muscles stop movement. in this disease  most affected muscles of body is head and legs muscles

Administration route : oral
1st does of polio vaccine at birth and second dose is given after six week than third dose , after 10 week , 4th dose after 14th week , 5th dose after 6-9 month , 6th dose 15- 18 month , 7th does in 5 year ,

amount  - 2 drop


3. Hepatitis B  

Hepatitis B is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. Within 24 hours vaccination is recommended with either two or three more doses after birth. hepatitis B is a liver infection it cane cause liver failure and cancer. its spread when people come contact with blood and open sources of body fluid.

 Administration route : intramuscular

the hepatitis vaccine is given intramuscular with 3 does in general at 0,1 and 6 months or 4 doses  at 0,1 and 12 month. the dose of vaccine 0.5 ml for below 10 year and 1 ml above 10 year. booster dose required after 3 to 5 year .


4. Pentavalent   vaccine :

A pentavalent  vaccine is a joint vaccine in which five different vaccines are united, whose purpose is to actively protect people from many disease such as diptheria , pertussis, tetanus , hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae type B.

 Administration route : intramuscular

pentavalent 1st dose is given after 6 week , second dose given after 10 week and 3rd dose after 14 week. 

Amount - 0.5 ml 

5. Pneumonococcal : 

Pneumonococal vaccine are vaccine used against the bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae. the mostly use of this vaccine to prevent from pneumonia, meningitis , and sepsis. 

Administration route :  intramuscular

 2 doses before 6 month of age , plus booster doses at 9-15 of age

Amount - 0.5 ml

6. DPT Vaccine -

 This vaccine is a combined  vaccine that is made up of three vaccines. The vaccine mainly affects three diseases, whose names are diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus.the best stored at a temperature of 2 to 10℃.

Administration route :  intramuscular

1st dose in 6 week and second 10 week and third 14 week

Amount - 0.5 ml

7. MMR Vaccine -

The MMR vaccine is a immunization vaccine against , mumps, measles , rubella. it is mixture of live attenuated viruses of three disease administered by injection. this vaccine first developed by murice hilleman while at merck. its very useful vaccine to control communicable disease.

 Administration route : subcutaneous route

the doses of MMR vaccine is 0.5 ml .

Age - 12- 15 month , 4 - 6 year

dose - 0.5 ml ( 2 doses)


note - immunization schedule  change according to country

New immunization schedule of India -

Vaccine	When to give	Dose	Route	Site
For Pregnant Women
TT -1	early pregnancy	0.5ml	intra muscular	Upper arm
TT -2	4 weeks after 1st dose of TT*	0.5ml	intra muscular	Upper arm
TT booster	If received 2 TT doses in a pregnancy within the last 3yrs	0.5ml	intra muscular	Upper arm
For Infants
BCG	At birth or as early as possible till 1 year of age	0.1ml (0.05ml until 1month age)	Intra-dermal	Left Upper Arm
Hepatitis B - Birth dose	At birth or as early as possible within 24 hours	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
OPV -0	At birth or as early as possible within first 15 days	2 drops	Oral	Oral
OPV -1,2,3,	6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks	2 drops	Oral	Oral
DPT- 1,2,3,	6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
Hepatitis B- 1, 2, &3	6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
Pentavalent vaccine - 1, 2 & 3**	6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
Measles	9 completed months - to 12 months. Give up to 5yrs if not received at 9 - 12 months age	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Right upper arm
Vitamin A (1st dose)	At 9 completed months with measles	1ml (1lakh IU)	Oral	Oral
Japanese Encephalitis (1st Dose)***	At 9 completed months  (under consideration)	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Left Upper Arm
For Children
DPT booster 1	16- 24 months	0. 5 ml	Intra- muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
OPV Booster	16-24 months	2 drops	Oral	Oral
Japanese Encephalitis***(if applicable)	16-24 months	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Left Upper Arm
Measles - 2nd dose	16 - 24 months age	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Right upper arm
Vitamin A***(2nd to 9th dose)	18 months (2nd dose). Then, one dose every 6 months upto the age of 5 years.	2 ml (2 lakh IU)	Oral	Oral
DT booster	5- 6 years	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Upper arm
TT	10 years &16 years	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Upper arm

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