what Sterilization, definition, types, method of sterilization

what is sterilization 

"sterilization is the process of killing all type of microorganism and spores that is called sterilization "

"sterilization is the killing of all microorganism in a material or an surface of an object "

Definition -  "sterilization is a total destruction of all pathogens and their spores usually through the physical and chemical method."

 methods of sterilization

Mostly two types of method of Sterilization

1. physical

2.chemical

1.physical method:

 physical method of sterilization is a very effective and useful method of sterilization it is completely kill all types of microorganisms and there spores

Scrubbing,Sunlight,Dry heat,Filtration,Moist heat, Flaming, Radiation,Steam under pressure.


1.scrubbing : mostly done by sop and water it is mechanical process e.g. nurse provide care in hospital and contact with contaminated material and after contact with infected patient and material she always Wash hand. scrubbing  help to control infection and communicable disease in hospital. 
  

2.sunlight : sunlight is a enemy of microorganisms sunlight kill the all microorganisms because sunlight dry the membrane of bacteria cell and not transfer require nutrition for bacteria.we know light is the enemy of bacteria it help to kill microorganism and control infection. sunlight exposed bacteria and killed rapidly and darkness is the favorite condition of microorganism. microorganism active growth and multiply in darkness. the sunlight is a natural condition of bacterial or other microbes sterilization. 

  

3. Dry heat: dry heat is the best method of killing microorganisms in without cause any damages it is effective than sunlight and scrubbing.with dry heat microorganism burned or death. the dry heat sterilization take long time and it is done at a high temperature (120℃). dry heat sterilization is the especially applicable to materials that are damaged by high pressure. 



4.filtration: this method mostly used in the sterilization of   laboratory material and body fluid for culture medium e.g enzymes, blood, urine

5. Moist heat : 

It is used for soft and glass material, most heat sterilization describes sterilization techniques that utilize hot air that is heavily laden with water 


6. flaming : which material need sterilization  pass into the flame red and hot. the article passed over the flams without allowing them to become red hot.

7. radiation: it is use the UV rays for sterilization because it is very penetration and lethal 

8. Steam under pressure : use to the autoclave and sterilized material . autoclave is the type of simple pressure cooker it is sterilized material through the steam it is process of time and pressure combination. 

9. drying  - water is necessary for the all type of life bacteria or microorganism can not be grow without water. because they cannot be absorb food material absence of water so bacteria not grow without water.

10. pasteurization - pasteurization is the process of making milk and milk products and other food safe by microorganism by destroying all harmful organism like tuberculosis, diphtheria,brucella,  salmonella, and sterptococcus are not destroyed ,there are destroyed in disinfection method. the process of pasteurization employed are either 63℃ for 30 minit. its is also called holder method  so hold 30 mint or 72℃ for 10-15 second and instant cooling to 13℃ or below. pasteurization milk is not sterilized milk.

2. chemical method-  

reduction of the number of pathogenic organism by application of chemical agent. the different type of chemical use in this method. 

1. alcohols 
2. phenol 
3. chlorine 
4. iodine 
5. oxidizing 

1 alcohols  : 70% ethyl alcohol used for the disinfection of skin before surgery it mostly used in general   propose but it is not effective against bacterial spores. The types of alcohol used in disinfection are ethanol (80%), propanol(60%), and isopropanol (70%). Alcohols are quite effective against bacteria and fungi, less so against viruses. They do not kill bacterial spores. Due to their rapid action and good skin penetration, the main areas of application of alcohols are surgical and hygienic disinfection of the skin and hands. One dis-advantage is that their effect is not long-lasting (no depot effect). Alcohols denature proteins.

2 phenol   :it is common  used for the disinfection of floor and toilet , 1% phenol are killed some bacteria this is effective against bacteria, virus, fungi.the first to use phenol (carbolic acid) in medical applications. Today, phenol derivatives substituted with organic groups and/or halogens (alkylated, arylated, and halogenated phenols), are widely used. Onecommon feature of phenolic substances is their weak performance againstspores and viruses. Phenols denature proteins. They bind to organic materials
to a moderate degree only, making them suitable for disinfection of excreted
materials.
3 chlorine : chlorine are commonly used for disinfection of drinking water, swimming pools ect.its used for the wound irrigation and for HIV infected material and hospital ward 

4 iodine : 2% iodine use for skin disinfection before surgery  Many travelers use iodine based filters and/or chemicals for purification of water when traveling in areas with contaminated water supplies and may therefore be at risk of excess iodine intake. Aside from iodine impregnated resin filtration systems, tetraglycine hydroperiodide tablets, tincture of iodine 2% and more commonly, chlorine-based proprietary products are widely used to sterilize water for drinking, and usually purchased by travelers without advice on how they should be used. A single tetraglycine hydroperiodide tablet in a liter of water releases 8 mg of iodine in comparison to the 10 mg/liter released from the iodinated resin pumps described by Khan et al. Although the instructions for using iodine tincture are imprecise, the normal recommendation is 5 drops per liter of water, increasing this to 12 drops where Giardia cysts may be present. The lower of the two doses would yield about 2 mg/liter of free iodine per liter depending on the pipette used, although, because of the potassium iodide present in the formulation, a total of 4 mg iodine would be available for absorption.

5 oxidizing :  potassium permanganate  used for washing wound and hydrogen peroxide is used as mouth wash and gargle,cleaning and washing wound and ear drop.potassium permanganate is used for disinfection drinking water and for washing fruit and vegetable.hydrogen peroxide is used as mouth wash and gargle, cleaning and disinfecting wounds and as ear drops. 

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