Tuesday 19 November 2019

Cho exam ki taiyari kaise Kare , Cho exam syllabus


https://youtu.be/1loH2wvHxSg

हैलो दोस्तो एमपी सी एच आे से रिलेटेड कोई भी इंफॉर्मेशन के लिए ऊपर दिया गया लिंक पर क्लिक कर या वीडियो play Kar k dekh thank you

ham apko बताते है नर्सिंग एग्जाम से रिलेटेड  सभी information सबसे पहले  हैलो स्टूडेंट जैसे कि आप जानते है हमरे इंडिया में लस्ट एक साल से एनएचएम के आंतरगत कम्युनिटी हेल्थ। ऑफिसर की पोस्ट निकाल रही है आप किसी भी प्रदेश से हो आपको यह जानना जरूरी है कि आप आपका सेक्शन कैसे करे मै आपको बताने जा रहा हूं कुछ टिप्स जिसकी मदत से आप कर सकते है अपना सिलेक्शन वो भी आसानी से हा दोस्तो थोड़ी तो मेहता करना ही होता है क्योंकि बिना मेहनत के कुछ नहीं मिलता तो आयिये जानते है कैसे स्टडी करे कि आप सेलेक्ट हो जाए।

1. Community health Nursing -

जी हा दोस्तो आपको कम्युनिटी हेल्थ नर्सिंग बुक्स के दोनों पार्ट्स को अच्छे से स्टडी करना है जैसे की इम्यूनाइजेशन प्रोग्राम , फिव ईयर प्लान , कॉमुनिकेब डिजीज , इत्यादि मतलब  जो भी इंपोटन टॉपिक्स है उनको अच्छेज से स्टडी करना है ।


2. Child health nursing -

 चाइल्ड हेल्थ नर्सिंग सब्जेक्ट से भी बहुत से क्वेश्चन पूछे जाते है जैसे नवजात का वजन हाइट नवजात की देख भाल इत्यादि यह सब्जेक्ट बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है । सारे महत्वपूर्ण टॉपिक्स स्टडी कर ले ।

3.  मिडवाइफरी एंड गायनिक -

इस सब्जेक्ट से भी बहुत से क्वेश्चन पूछते है तो आपको इस सब्जेक्ट से रिलेटेड टॉपिक्स को बहुत अच्छे से स्टडी करना है । जैसे पेल्विक बोन के बारे ,में प्रेगनेंसी से रिलेटेड , चाइल्ड बर्थ से रिलेटेड ,  फेटल सर्कुलेशन , कॉम्प्लिकेशन डुरिंग प्रेग्नेंसी इस तरह के टॉपिक्स से बहुत अच्छे से स्टडी करे आपका सिलेक्शन हो जाएगा


4. नर्सिंग फंडामेंटल - पिसिशन के बारे में विटल के बारे में प्रोसीजर , ये सब चीजो को अच्छे से स्टीडी कर लो I hope apko Kuch ideas mil gya hoga to जल्दी से अपनी स्टडी शुरू करे

धन्यवाद्



Monday 25 June 2018

weight loss tips and trick

Weight loss tips and trick -


Increasing weight is a big problem, it is very difficult to reduce . Increasing weight today is a common problem, there are many reasons for weight gain in humans, such as taking excess calories, consuming food,  etc. Although the weight increases with age, it is common but more and more prerequisite If it seems to increase weight then this is a serious problem, and appropriate measures should be taken to avoid the problem of weight gain.




causes of increasing weight -

  1. Excessive calories intake 
  2. Lack of physical activity 
  3. Age 
  4. Side effect of medication 
  5. Genetic
  6. Psychological factor
  7. Pregnancy 
  8. Gender 
  9. Lack of sleep 
  10. Hypothyroidism 

1.  excessive calories intake -

We know that the human body needs food to get energy. Calories are found in food, i.e., consume high calorie intake and use them, calories, that is, food from energy, fat is converted into fat, here also causes obesity.
                 CARBOHYDRATE - 4 cl 
                          FAT                 -  9 cl
                     PROTEIN            - 4  cl
requirements of calories  - 

the requirements of calories depend on the age,body weight, height and working areas and gender  

a. Female -  2000 cl  in young age 
b. male    -    2200 cl in young age 

2.  lack of physical activity - 

One of the main reasons for weight gain is also the person's excessive laziness. those people  do not do any physical activity are more chances to gain weight. because we not do any physical activity in daily life it means we not proper use of calories and we not use calories. calories change into the fat that is the big reason  of weight gain.


3.  Age - 

Increasing weight with age is a natural action. This is  because of aging, muscle change into fat . Metabolism also reduces according to age . increasing fat with age increases the likelihood of diseases such as diabetes, which means increasing weight is a normal phenomenon according to age, but increasing weight is dangerous.


4.  side effect of medication

Certain types of medications can increase your weight. Such as antidepressants or corticosteroids. The eating birth control pills, weight can be increased by two and a half kilos. so do not intake excessive amount of medication example antidepressants or corticosteroids.

5.  Genetic - 

If your parents have too much weight, then your weight also increases. In addition, the effect of genetics is that you feel hungry, your how much fat and muscle its depend on the genetics . This is how many calories it burns, it is depend on the individual's metabolism. the metabolism rate also affect the fat percentage of body.


6.  Psychological factor.

 Weight increases due to psychological reasons. Psychological causes like depression, emotional problems This increases the weight of the people. But emotional problems in some people is one of the reasons for weight loss.


7.  Pregnancy  - 

Weight gain during pregnancy it is a normal condition. normally 5 to 10 kg body weight increase during pregnancy its necessary for fetal nutrition. the main reason of weight gain during pregnancy is excessive intake of medication and lack of physical activity, mentally stress of first time pregnancy.


8. Gender -  


Being a man or a woman affects your weight. Generally, women use fewer calories than men, therefore, likely to increase their weight is high. The amount of fat in women's bodies is higher than that of men. A normal weight is 25% fat content in healthy woman's body, while in men it is only 15%.


9.  Lack of sleep - 

Taking less sleep is also a cause of weight gain. Therefore, due to lack  taking sleep, the hormonal changes occur in the body, which is responsible for increasing the weight.

10.  hypothyroidism -  

hormonal imbalance is reason of weigh gain .Hypothyroidism When thyroid hormones are low, the metabolism slows down. In the case of an underactive thyroid, weight gain is usually done as follows. Up to five to 10 pounds are obtained from the average until a serious case is handled.

Weight loss tips - 


  1. Yoga 
  2. Drink more water 
  3. Eat fruit 
  4. Vegetarian diet 
  5. Jogging
  6. Black tea 
  7. Green tea 
  8. Avoid sugar 
  9. Heavy  breakfast 
  10. Protein intake 
  11. Maintain calories chart   
  12. Get enough sleep 
  13. Drink water after eating 
  14. Use small plates 
  15. Follow the fitness models 
  16. Prepare slow to eat food 
  17. Cook with coconut oil 
  18. Low carb diet 
  19. Running 
  20. Gym training for weight loss 

1. Yoga -

Yoga is only burns 3-6 calories in a few minutes. To lose body fat, you need to reduce calories. If you burn more calories than you consume, you will lose weight, and fat of approximately 3,500 calories. Yoga classes take approximately 60-90 minutes.yoga is the good way for reduced body weight and it is very useful in every places and most important thing for yoga we do anywhere . yoga is the best way to weight loss. according to indian history yoga is the 5000 year old technique for make good health and healthy life of people . according to indian methology more example of yoga in ramayan and mahabharat. 


2. Drink more water  -  

More water daily intake helps in weight loss, all functions of the body's daily requirement of more than 6-7 liters of water per day.Is an important part of all body functions and processes including water digestion and elimination. When because you are on a diet, water also serves as an aid to weight loss, it can help you eat less.Water is important to drink during the weight loss because it provides hydration without the unwanted calories.

3. Eat fruit - 

Eat as much fruit as possible, eating more fruits gets energy, but we do not get fat. We know that the amount of fat not present in fruits . The fruits should be given priority.

4. Vegetarian diet  -

vegetable help to reduced weight. Leafy greens, spinach, collard, Swiss Card and others. They have to make the right to food, there are several properties which weight loss. They are low in both calories and carbohydrates, but is loaded with fiber.


5. Jogging - 

daily habit of jogging help to weight loss because any person daily goes for jogging and his metabolism increase because heart pump blood fast. so daily 5 - 10  jogging is very useful for weight loss. 

6. Black tea -  

Black tea is calorie intake reduces. Polyphenol and beyond the potential benefits of caffeine, black tea will help you lose weight if you use it as a replacement for high-calorie drinks. One cup contains only 2 calories in black tea. Even if you add a teaspoon of honey, it is 23 calories.

7. Green tea - 

It is made by the leaves of the synthesis of the camber. It contains antioxidant properties which help reduce the problem.However, can a slight increase in green tea metabolism and fat burning, but when it comes to losing actual pounds impact is slight. However, every little is thing up and it kind of protein and Carbos cutting together can work more effectively when other proteins weighing strategies to reduce.

8. Avoid sugar -

Avoid sugar in large quantities from your diet and little or not of concern about things that low-fat, high-fiber foods such as sprinkling of brown sugar on oatmeal, grainy bread or a scrap its unsweetened jam on a drizzle breakfast honey cereals. And do not stop with fresh fruit.

9.  Heavy breakfast - 

do not take heavy breakfast in morning , need to intake low calories food such as vegetable. fresh fruit and black or green tea. 

10. Protein intake -


as well possible intake high protein diet because protein help to buildup and repair body muscle. its never involve in increase weight . high value protein food is egg ,pulses, etc.

11. Maintain calories chart - 

Need to maintain calories chart according to required calories. do not take more  calories example one working women in a day need 24000 calories and she take 2600 calories it is a big reason for increasing weight we need to follow calories chart according to food intake and habits.

12. Get enough sleep -

According to the human anatomy, if we sleep we require 6 to 8 hours to sleep, so our bodies are many hormonal changes, which cause weight gain increases. Should be enough sleep to prevent weight gain.

13. Drinking water after eat -



drinking more water after eating because water help to easy digestion of food . ita help to reduce body fat .

14 .Use small plates - 

Use small plates to eat food. It is therefore necessary that we eat more in large plates. Extra food they eat, leading to obesity,


15 . Follow fitness model - 

Fitness models should follow on Facebook and Instagram which we are motivate and try to lose weight.


16. prepare slow to eat food - 

The food is to eat slowly and comfortably and to chew the food well.

17 . Cook with coconut oil - 

If you are thinking of weight loss then you need to have a meal made of coconut oil, so that calories abundant in coconut oil but there is no fat, therefore the coconut should be used for cooking.

18.  Low carbohydrate diet -

To reduce obesity, take low carbohydrate diet, it is necessary to work on obesity. When we take a high amount of carbohydrate, then carbohydrate turns into fat.


19.  Running - 

Running daily should be done if you can, calories burn due to running and obesity is done and its help to reduced fat. 

20. Gym training for weight loss -

To get weight loss, you should take the training of weight loss by any good trainer trainer, which work for reduced your body fat .



Saturday 16 June 2018

hair loss causes

Hair loss - 

hair loss is the common problem today in male and female. the maine  cause of hair fall is daily habits and unregulated  routine of life such as not proper taking diet , sleep, depression , uses of chemical for hair wash . genetic and hormonal factor also responsible for hair loss. today hair fall problem common in 25 -40  age  group men and womens , Hair loss sometimes becomes the reason of embarrassment too.




causes of hair loss 


  • Hereditary 
  • Diet 
  • telogen effluvium 
  • sleep 
  • hormones
  • life style 
  • depression 

1.  Hereditary  - 

hereditary causes is mostly affect the hair loss problem, because this problem transfer one generation to other generation.Due to some types of chromosomes and genes, the problem of hair loss is always in the family members. in medical term The problem of hair loss in the medical term is called pattern baldness.its effect male and female both but mostly effect on male.



2. Diet  - 

Food is essential for energy in our body. It is necessary for our body to grow as well as we know that the protein is very much needed in the food. because  protein helps in the development of the body. not taking  right amount of protein  is also the main cause of hair loss. protein more important for hair growth. Avoid Hair Loss Problems by taking a balanced diet.



3. Telogen  effluvium - 

Stress pushes large numbers of hair follicles into a relaxing phase. Within a few months, they can fall hair. Types of stress may include , Fever, childbirth, chronic illness, major surgery, anemia, severe emotional disorder, crash diet, hypothyroidism, and medicines.




4. Sleep -  

Not taking good sleep is also one of the main reasons for hair loss, because of poor sleep condition, there is a bad effect on the body and it causes hair loss, generally we should take 6 to 8 hours of sleep.Sleep is involved in the treatment and repair of your heart and blood vessels. Small blood vessels provide blood to all the parts of the body and all the nutrients found in the blood. Small blood vessels supply blood to the hair, irregular sleeping patterns damage the blood vessels and there are major reasons for hair loss.




5. hormonal  - 


The hormonal and chemical changes in the body are responsible for hair loss.Abnormal changes in physical chemicals or evidence of hair loss increase due to abnormal changes in the hormones in the body. The lack of thyroid hormone in women, called hypothyroidism, causes hair loss.



6. Life style - 

daily lifestyle effect the hair loss because today's life is too busy and people not take proper diet, and excessive use of chemical and hair color and shampoo.they are effect the hair loss. 


7 depression -


When a person gets depressed, firstly his lifestyle such as diet, sleeping are affected . depression is the causes of hair loss.





common disease of hair loss - 


1. Pattern baldness - 

it is common male and female in this case permanent hair loss from the scale. male pattern baldness, hair loss is usually on top of the head and on the front. Female pattern is slim on top of head and crown, with baldness. In women this slender is often started as the width of the center hair part, leaving the front hairline unaffected.Medication can stop hair loss. In some cases, surgeons can implant the hair or reduce the area of ​​the bald skin. Natural looking wigs and hairpieces can help to cover hair loss.


2. Alopecia areata - 

alopecia areata, also called spot baldness, is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body. Often this happens as a result of some bald spots on the skull about the size of each coin. Psychological stress can be the result of. People are generally otherwise healthy. In some, all hair on the scalp or all body hair is lost and the damage can be permanent. alopecia areata is considered to be an autumn disease. Risk factors include family history of the situation. If equally affected, then 50% of the same twin also get the chance to be affected. The failure of the body in the underlying mechanism involves the failure to identify their own cells with the subsequent immune intermediary destruction of the hair follicle.


Diagnosis

Before diagnosing, your doctor will give you physical exams and ask about your medical history and family history. He can also do the test, as follows:

blood test - It can help to find the medical conditions related to hair loss.

pull test -Your doctor gradually pulls dozens of hair to see how many come out. It helps to determine the phase of the shading process.

Skull biopsy -Your doctor scraps samples from the skin or by examining the roots of the hair, with some hair attached to the scalp. It can help to determine whether an infection is causing hair loss or not.

light microscopy -  Your doctor uses a special tool to check the perforated hair on its base. Microscopy helps to uncover the potential disorders of the hair shaft.



















Friday 8 June 2018

skin diseases names with pictures

Skin diseases - 

The skin diseases is common today human habits are responsible for skin disease, because today we are not able to take light, widely used chemicals like cosmetic creams and other products in our daily life style. they are responsible for skin disease . Apart from this, there may be several other reasons, such as environmental factors. most of the skin disease are caused by microorganism but all microorganism  not able to causes skin disease. more factor are responsible for skin decease such as daily life style, genetic, environmental factor, food habit, contact with infected person etc. the most common skin disease is Acne, eczema , seborrheic dermatitis, skin cancer and psoriasis are the five most common disease.


Causes of skin infection - 


  • environmental factor 
  • food habit 
  •  genetic 
  • contact with infected person 
  • use of cloth and other material of infected person 
  • infected blood transfusion 
  • life style of person 
  • work place 
  • sun light and darkness 
  •  immune system problem 

    skin diseases name with picture - 

    1. ACNE - 

    it is very common skin disease in India  more than 10 million cases per year.In this disease, red color pimples  on the skin of the patient would be mainly on the patient's face. the main cause of acne is infected sebaceous glands , it is more common in adolescent.



    Types of Acne -

    1.Papules -

    2. Blackheads -

    3. Whiteheads -

    4. Nodules -

    5. Pustules -

    6. cysts -


    1. Papules -

    the term derived from latin word from papula , s pimple. papules is the solid rounded red colors mark on the skin that are usually 1cm in diameter. its very painful and redness and swelling on the infected area, and it is very sensitive.


    2. Blackheads -

     blackheads are small red color bums due to clogged skin pores. theses bums are look like dark and black.


    3.  Whiteheads -

    A whitehead is a type of acne that occurs when dead skin cells, oils and bacteria get trapped in the face.

    4. Nodules -

    nodules is a abnormal growth of tissues. it cane developed just below the skin. it  is commonly occur in deeper tissue of skin and internal body organs.

    5.  Pustules -

    Pustules are small obstacles on the skin, with fluid or aus. They are usually present in the form of white bumps surrounded by red skin. These collisions look like pimples , but they can be quite large. Pustules can develop on any part of the body, but they are usually made on back, chest and face.

    6. cysts -

    the skin cysts is developed by blocked gland in skin, cysts cause pain or other symptoms its commonly appear in face and neck.

    cause of ACNE  -

    a. Hormonal
    b. genetic
    c. sun
    d. food
    c. other factor

    2. Skin cancer - 

    The abnormal increase in skin cells often develops on the exposed skin of the sun. But this common form of cancer can also occur on areas of your skin that are not usually exposed to sunlight. There are three main types of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.


    causes of skin cancer - 
     a. ultraviolet light 
     b. genetic material 
     c. sun 

    3. Dermatitis - 

    Dermatitis, also called eczema, is a group of diseases that results in swelling of the skin. These diseases are marked with itching, red skin and small pimples . In short-term cases, small blisters may occur, whereas in long-term cases the skin may be fat. The area of skin can vary from small to entire body. this infection appear  hand neck and may be all body. more type of dermatitis.
    type  of dermatitis 

    1. Allergic contact dermatitis
    2. Atopic dermatitis
    3. irritant contact dermatitis
    4. stasis dermatitis
    5. Neurodermatitis
    6. perioral dermatitis

    causes of Dermatitis - 

    a. genetic 
    b. environmental 
    c. contact with infected parson
    d. bacteria , virus , fungi 

    4. skin infection - 

    the skin infection caused by bacteria , virus and other factor. some example of skin infection dermatitis ,fungal infection, cellulitis etc.



    causes of skin infection

    a. bacteria
    b. fungi
    c. weather changes
    d. allergy 

    5. Scabies 


    An infectious skin disease, marked by itchy and small raised red spots, is caused by itching mite.Itching is a skin infection. In which red spots present on the patient body and it is very sharp itching. scabies are commonly present in follded skin area of our body


    causes of scabies -

    a. contact with infected person
    b. fungi, bacteria
    c. infected cloth
    d. environmental factors


    6. skin ulcer -


    An ulcer is pain on the skin or mucous membrane, as well as disruption in the tissue. As a result of ulcer, epidermis and can often be part of the catnipus and cotinine fat. They may also be due to lack of mobility, which causes long pressures on the tissues.



    causes of skin ulcer -

    a. bacteria
    b. fungi
    c skin cancer
    d . blood flow disorder


    7. Hives -


    Hives A raised itchy area of ​​the skin which may indicate an allergic reaction. It can be spherical or flat top but is always raised above the surrounding skin. This shows the circumscribed cutaneous edema (local swelling of the skin). The pores are usually circulated well but may be under pressure and will be blanched with pressure. The same place goes upto 24 hours, but the process can last from weeks to months.



    causes -

    a. insect
    b. foods
    c. medication


    8. hyperpigmentation -


    hyperpigmentation is the dark area of skin and nails which caused by increase melanin. Hyperpigmentation is defined by dark in any part of the skin; Usually face, neck and hands compared to normal skin color. The main reason for the increased production of melanin in that particular area.



    cause -

    a. sun
    b. genetic
    c. stress
    d. hormonal changes


    9. skin tag -

    That skin tag is not harmful and is not painful, it is an unwanted increase of tissue. The main symptoms of skin tags are often upper chest, neck, underarm, and eyelids. Most skin tags are not necessary for treatment.


    cause -
    a. overweight
    b. genetic
    c. Blood sugar and insulin link


    10. Ringworm -


    The ringworm is a fungal infection, this is commonly found in the contact with infected person or wearing wet clothes . In this disease the skin becomes reddish, which is very itchy and painful. It can be anything on the body.



    causes -

    a. contact with infected person
    b. wet cloths
    c .swimming pool

    11. cutaneous condition -


    A cutaneous condition is any medical condition that affects the organ system that surrounds the body and the integral system involving skin, hair, nails, and related muscles and glands. The main function of this system is in the form of barrier against external environment.


    causes -

    a. irregular patches  of skin 
    b. itchy 
    c. scaly skin 


    12 . psoriasis - 


    Psoriasis is a common, chronic, genetic, systemic inflammatory disease characterized by symptoms  such as high-itchy plaque covered with thick silver scales. Psoriasis is usually found on the elbow, knee and scalp, but can often affect the legs, trunk and nails.




    causes

    a. vitamin D deficiency 
    b. heavy alcohol consumption 
    c. smoking 
    d. stress.
    e . sun burn 


    13. Mycosis  - 

    Mycosis is a fungal infection of animals, including humans. Mycos are common and various types of environmental and physical conditions can contribute to the development of fungal diseases. 


    causes
    a. fungi 
    b. environment factor


    14. Wart -  

    it is a infection condition on top layer of skin, it caused by viruses in the human papillomavirus or HPV family. 




    causes - 

    a .  papillomavirus or HPV family. 

    15. Erythema - 


    Erythema is come from greek word erythros  it means red . Due to hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillary, the skin or mucous membrane is redness. It happens with any skin injury, infection, or swelling.

    causes -

    a. solar radiation 
    b. allergies 



    16.  Rosacea -

    it is common skin condition it is caused redness and  blood vessels in face 
    Rosacea is a common skin condition that causes  red blood vessels  in  face and visible blood vessels. It can also produce small, red, and pus . 


    causes - 

    a. abnormalities in facial blood vessels 
    b. light skin color 


    17. Melanoma - 


    Melanoma is a cancer that develops pigment cells present in the skin in melanocytes. 

    causes  - 

    a. UV rays 
    b. genetic 
    c. environmental factor 

    18. shingles  - 

    Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease that defeats the painful skin with blisters in the local area.


    causes

    a. zoster virus 


    19 . vitilligo - 

    Vitiligo is caused by loss of pigment in the skin, due to the destruction of pigment production cells, it is called melanocytes.


    causes - 
    a. autoimmune diseases 
    b sunburn 
    c. emotional distress 


    20. Xeroderma  -

    For "dry skin", Greek conditions include zeroderma or zerodermia, a condition system, which can be safely treated with emollients or moisturizer in most cases.


    There are also skin diseases. For more information, search the World Health Organization web site.
    all images credit goes to wikipedia  



        

    Sunday 27 May 2018

    what is nipah virus, symptom of nipah virus

    NIPAH VIRUS 


    Nipa virus (NIV) infection is a new emerging zoonosis which causes serious illness in both animals and humans. The natural host of the virus, the Patropodidae family, is the fruit bats of the pteropus genus. NIV was first recognized during the outbreak of the disease in Malaysia's Kampang Sungai Nipah in 1998. There is a series of clinical productions with acute respiratory syndrome and malignant encephalitis from asymmetometric infections in humans in NV infection. NIV is also capable of causing disease in pigs and other domestic animals. There is no vaccine for humans or animals. The primary treatment for human affairs is intensive supportive care.



    How Nipah Viruses Expands 

    Nipah virus spreads by coming into contact with bat, infected pigs or infected person. When a bird infected with the Nipah virus consumes any fruit, the virus enters that fruit. When the fruit is eaten by humans, then the virus enters into the  human body. For the first time, in 1998, Dr. Bing Chua had detected this virus. At that time Dr Bing was receiving a bachelor's degree from Malayan University of Malaysia.

    Symptom of Nipah Virus - 

    Nipah  infection in humans is associated with encephalitis. There are symptoms like brain swelling, fever, headache, drowsiness, deviation, mental confusion, coma. They also endanger the patient's death. Nipah virus can go into coma within 24-48 hours or it can die.50 percent of patients died in Malaysia due to the Nipah  virus

    symptoms - 

    1. encephalitis 
    2. fever 
    3. mental confusion 
    4. brain swelling 
    5. body pain 
    6. coma 
    7. headache

    Treatment of Nipah virus - 

    No treatment is available for NIPA virus today, the only thing that we can do to prevent this virus is that we have to keep the patient under the supervision of the doctor for 24 hours. There is no vaccine to cure it. heath care worker properly use safety equipment . 


    How to Protect from Nipah Virus -

    In areas where the virus is spread, it should be avoided and should be avoided by contact with the infected patient. If it is coming then should wash hands properly with soap and The things used in the toilet such as buckets, jug , etc. should be kept clean. Do not contact the person who died due to nipah virus infection  and cover death body properly with cloth. 





    Saturday 26 May 2018

    what is immunization immunization for various disease

    Immunization

    Vaccination is very important for the health of children. The National Immunization Program helps prevent killer diseases. Vaccination programs should be planned as per the requirement of Community Health Problems. Each country has to set  the vaccination program according to their health issues. The most common and serious vaccine-related illnesses tracked by the World Health Organization are diphtheria, haemophilus , hepatitis B, measles, meningitis, mumps, pertussis, poliomyelitis, rubella, tetanus, tuberculosis, and yellow fever. the World Health Organization listed 25 diseases for which vaccine are available -


    1. rubella 
    2. cholera 
    3. influenza 
    4. measles 
    5. diphtheria 
    6. meningococcal diseases 
    7. pertussis 
    8. mumps
    9. tetanus 
    10. hepatitis A 
    11. tetanus 
    12. hepatitis B 
    13. pneumococcal diseases 
    14. hepatitis E 
    15. typhoid fever 
    16. poliomyelitis 
    17. tick - borne  encephalitis 
    18. rabies 
    19. haemophilus influenzae type B 
    20. varicella and herpes zoster 
    21. dengue fever 
    22. human papilloma 
    23. yellow fever 
    24. malaria 
    25. Japanese encephalitis 

    Definition of immunization - 

    ''Vaccination is the process by which a person is resistant or resistant to infectious disease, usually by the administration of the vaccine. The vaccine provides the immune system to protect the person against later infections or diseases. ''



    Immunization for various disease - 


    1. B.C.G. ( Bacillus of calmette and guerin ) -


    BCG is a live vaccine that is prepared from living organisms such as tubercle bacilli . it help to controlled by primary tuberculous infection it should be storage at 2 to 10 ℃. its primary used against tuberculosis.its used in countries leprosy and tuberculosis is common.

    Administration route: intradermal
    (0.05 ml dose for children below one year)
    (0.1 ml dose for recipients for more than one year)

    2. Polio vaccine  -

    Polio vaccine is a mixture of live poliovirus polio vaccines used to prevent polyomites. Polio virus usually spreads from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth, it can also spread with human fecal food and water, and usually less than infected saliva. The full name of the polio virus is pyomyelitis and it is also called infantile paralysis. When this infection occurs, the patient's muscles stop movement. in this disease  most affected muscles of body is head and legs muscles

    Administration route : oral
    1st does of polio vaccine at birth and second dose is given after six week than third dose , after 10 week , 4th dose after 14th week , 5th dose after 6-9 month , 6th dose 15- 18 month , 7th does in 5 year ,

    amount  - 2 drop


    3. Hepatitis B  

    Hepatitis B is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. Within 24 hours vaccination is recommended with either two or three more doses after birth. hepatitis B is a liver infection it cane cause liver failure and cancer. its spread when people come contact with blood and open sources of body fluid.

     Administration route : intramuscular

    the hepatitis vaccine is given intramuscular with 3 does in general at 0,1 and 6 months or 4 doses  at 0,1 and 12 month. the dose of vaccine 0.5 ml for below 10 year and 1 ml above 10 year. booster dose required after 3 to 5 year .


    4. Pentavalent   vaccine :

    A pentavalent  vaccine is a joint vaccine in which five different vaccines are united, whose purpose is to actively protect people from many disease such as diptheria , pertussis, tetanus , hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae type B.

     Administration route : intramuscular

    pentavalent 1st dose is given after 6 week , second dose given after 10 week and 3rd dose after 14 week. 

    Amount - 0.5 ml 


    5. Pneumonococcal : 

    Pneumonococal vaccine are vaccine used against the bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae. the mostly use of this vaccine to prevent from pneumonia, meningitis , and sepsis. 

    Administration route :  intramuscular

     2 doses before 6 month of age , plus booster doses at 9-15 of age

    Amount - 0.5 ml

    6. DPT Vaccine -

     This vaccine is a combined  vaccine that is made up of three vaccines. The vaccine mainly affects three diseases, whose names are diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus.the best stored at a temperature of 2 to 10℃.

    Administration route :  intramuscular

    1st dose in 6 week and second 10 week and third 14 week

    Amount - 0.5 ml

    7. MMR Vaccine -

    The MMR vaccine is a immunization vaccine against , mumps, measles , rubella. it is mixture of live attenuated viruses of three disease administered by injection. this vaccine first developed by murice hilleman while at merck. its very useful vaccine to control communicable disease.

     Administration route : subcutaneous route

    the doses of MMR vaccine is 0.5 ml .

    Age - 12- 15 month , 4 - 6 year

    dose - 0.5 ml ( 2 doses)


    note - immunization schedule  change according to country



    New immunization schedule of India -

    VaccineWhen to giveDoseRouteSite
    For Pregnant Women
    TT -1early pregnancy0.5mlintra muscularUpper arm
    TT -24 weeks after 1st dose of TT*0.5mlintra muscularUpper arm
    TT boosterIf received 2 TT doses in a pregnancy within the last 3yrs0.5mlintra muscularUpper arm
    For Infants
    BCGAt birth or as early as possible till 1 year of age0.1ml (0.05ml until 1month age)Intra-dermal
    Left Upper Arm

    Hepatitis B - Birth doseAt birth or as early as possible within 24 hours0.5 mlIntra-muscularAntero-lateral side of mid-thigh
    OPV -0At birth or as early as possible within first 15 days2 dropsOralOral
    OPV -1,2,3,6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks2 dropsOralOral
    DPT- 1,2,3,6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks0.5 mlIntra-muscularAntero-lateral side of mid-thigh
    Hepatitis B- 1, 2, &36 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks0.5 mlIntra-muscularAntero-lateral side of mid-thigh
    Pentavalent vaccine - 1, 2 & 3**6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks0.5 mlIntra-muscularAntero-lateral side of mid-thigh
    Measles9 completed months - to 12 months. Give up to 5yrs if not received at 9 - 12 months age0.5 mlSub-cutaneousRight upper arm
    Vitamin A (1st dose)At 9 completed months with measles1ml (1lakh IU)OralOral
    Japanese Encephalitis (1st Dose)***At 9 completed months  (under consideration)0.5 mlSub-cutaneousLeft Upper Arm

    For Children
    DPT booster 116- 24 months0. 5 mlIntra- muscularAntero-lateral side of mid-thigh
    OPV Booster16-24 months2 dropsOralOral
    Japanese Encephalitis***(if applicable)16-24 months 0.5 mlSub-cutaneousLeft Upper Arm

    Measles - 2nd dose16 - 24 months age0.5 mlSub-cutaneousRight upper arm
    Vitamin A***(2nd to 9th dose)18 months (2nd dose). Then, one dose every 6 months upto the age of 5 years.2 ml (2 lakh IU)OralOral
    DT booster5- 6 years0.5 mlIntra-muscularUpper arm
    TT10 years &16 years0.5 mlIntra-muscularUpper arm